Background: The agricultural sector is a crucial component of a nation's economy, playing an indispensable role in its economic development. This sector not only ensures food security but also provides employment opportunities and contributes to rural development. The integration of technology into agriculture is vital for increasing production, enhancing efficiency, and facilitating access to global markets. Recent advances in emerging technologies have led to a significant paradigm shift within the agricultural landscape. This transformation, driven by Digital technologies, is increasingly recognized as a flexible and sustainable solution for modernizing agricultural practices. This research aims to investigate technological trends and their functions in the agricultural value chain, ultimately facilitating a successful transition to smart agriculture. By exploring these trends, the study seeks to highlight the potential benefits of adopting innovative technologies in agriculture, including improved productivity, better resource management, and enhanced sustainability. Methods: This research is practical in its objectives and systematic in its approach to data collection. The statistical population includes all English-language articles published in the field of smart agriculture between 2011 and 2022, sourced from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. In the initial phase, 3,257 articles were identified and analyzed using Vos Viewer for scientometric analysis. This software allows for the visualization of scientific data and the mapping of research trends, providing insights into the evolution of the field. Following this analysis, the research question was formulated, and the Prisma approach was applied to refine the selection of articles. Ultimately, 33 articles were chosen for a comprehensive qualitative study. This combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies enables a thorough exploration of the topic, offering both statistical insights and in-depth analyses of the selected literature. Results: In the quantitative section of this research, knowledge maps were utilized to illustrate the growth trend of scientific articles in the field of smart agriculture. This analysis included the identification of key journals, research centers, and active countries contributing to this body of work. Furthermore, the study pinpointed authors with the highest publication outputs and assessed scientific networks to evaluate their influence within the field. The results indicate a growing interest in smart agriculture, reflected in the increasing number of publications and collaborations among researchers. In the qualitative section, the research findings reveal that the Internet of Things (IoT) is the most significant technological domain in the agricultural sector. IoT enables the interconnectivity of devices and systems, facilitating real-time data collection and monitoring, which are essential for informed decision-making in agriculture. Other important technologies identified include artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data analytics, blockchain technology, wireless sensor networks, remote sensing, various types of sensors, cloud computing, fog and edge computing, and low-power wide-area networks. These technologies can be categorized into four primary groups based on their functionalities: data collection, computation and communication, data security and integration, and prediction and classification. Data collection technologies facilitate the gathering of agricultural data from various sources, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions. Computation and communication tools process and transmit data efficiently, ensuring timely access to critical information. Data security and integration solutions protect sensitive agricultural data while integrating various systems for seamless operation. Prediction and classification technologies assist in forecasting agricultural trends and categorizing data for better management practices. The insights generated from this research are expected to serve as a critical foundation for managers and policymakers. Understanding the current technological landscape will enable them to formulate strategies, policies, and development programs that effectively leverage these innovations to enhance productivity and sustainability in the agricultural sector. Conclusion: Based on the identified trends, it is clear that government intervention is essential for fostering the development of smart agriculture. By adopting strategic measures and creating appropriate frameworks, the government can significantly contribute to this sector's advancement. Key actions include developing technical infrastructure, investing in human capital, supporting research and development initiatives, encouraging smart agricultural practices, providing financial support, and establishing guaranteed markets for agricultural products. These efforts will not only enhance productivity in the agricultural sector but also promote sustainable development, ultimately leading to an improvement in the country's capabilities. The transition to smart agriculture represents a significant opportunity to address the challenges faced by the agricultural sector, including climate change, resource scarcity, and the need for increased food production. By embracing technological advancements and fostering an environment conducive to innovation, nations can ensure the long-term viability and competitiveness of their agricultural industries. In summary, the findings of this study underscore the importance of technological integration within the agricultural value chain. As the sector continues to evolve, stakeholders must remain vigilant and adaptive to emerging trends, ensuring that they harness the full potential of technology to drive growth and sustainability. Future research should continue to explore the impacts of these technologies on agricultural practices and investigate additional strategies for enhancing their adoption across diverse agricultural contexts. This comprehensive approach will not only benefit individual farmers but also contribute to the broader economic and social well-being of communities, ultimately paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable agricultural future.

Introduction: Long-term clinical evaluation of dental implants and their surrounding structures is of utmost importance to acquire knowledge about reasons for implant success and failure.However, accurate and reproducible results are difficult to obtain. The aim of the present study was to examine bone height around endosseous implants on Digital conventional radiographs (DCR) and direct Digital subtraction images (DSI) prior to loading.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, bone height around 10 implants in 6 patients was assessed by 2 observers. Standardized Digital radiographs were obtained just a week and 3 months postoperatively and subtracted by means of EMAGO software. Then the observers evaluated bone height on DCRs and DSIs. MINITAB software and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis (a=0.05).Results: Comparative evaluation of bone height indicated significantly higher values on DCR than on DSI (p value=0.002). The observers also had statistically significant variability in this assessment (p value=0.00003).Conclusion: DSI demonstrated lower values of linear measurement of bone height around endosseous implants compared with DCR. Interobserver variability should be considered when comparing values from follow-up studies.

Background & Aim: The majority of carious lesions are not well-defined radiolucencies. Approximately 40% demineralization is required for radiographic detection of a lesion. The actual depth of penetration of carious lesion is deeper than may be detected radiographically. However, Digital subtraction images permit to detect 1-5% decrease of mineral mass per unit volume. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of Digital subtraction radiography in the detection of dental demineralization in vitro.Methods & Materials: This study was based on observational-diagnostic method which was done on 30 extracted human teeth, categorized in two groups A and B, each having 15 members. In each of teeth, one approximal enamel demineralization lesion was induced using an acidified system (PH=4.8). Direct Digital radiography were obtained under standardized condition of teeth before demineralization. After 7 days, the teeth of group B and after 42 days, group A removed from acid and new radiographs were taken. The images of the 7th and 42nd days were subtracted from the baseline radiograph (before creation of the lesion). Then teeth were histologically evaluated. Direct Digital and subtraction images were interpreted by three observers to detect presence or absence of the lesion, then the diagnostic accuracy of both methods was determined.Results: After 7 days, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for incipient lesions in direct Digital radiography were 0%, 80%, 40%, 0% and 44% respectively and in Digital subtraction radiography were 66.7%, 86.7%, 76.7%, 83.4% and 72.3% respectively. However after 42 days the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of both methods were 100%.Conclusion: Digital subtraction radiography has a fairly acceptable accuracy in detection ofthe incipient proximal lesions in comparison with DDR. For moderate proximal lesions DSR has the same accuracy as DDR.

Multifunctional agriculture (MFA) has emerged as a keyconcept in science and politics with respect to the futureof agriculture and rural development in the recent decade. Overall, MFA implies that in addition to their main function inproduction and support of rural livelihood, the agricultural activitieshave some other advantages for the environmentincluding the conservation of water and soil resources and theenhancement of food security. This paper takes a look at thebenefits of MFA as a concept and path toward agricultural developmentfrom an integrated perspective within the frameworkof sustainable development. Also, it tries to clarify the distinctionbetween MFA and conventional agriculture in sustainable developmentapproaches.

High gain Balun-low-noise-amplifier (LNA) is proposed for tuner of Digital televisions (DTVs). The proposed Balun-LNA is based on CS-CG (common-source-common-gate) structure. To improve the isolasion and frequency response, Balun-LNA has cascode transistors before load resistors. Balun-LNA uses current-bleeding circuit to increasie transconductance of CS transistor, so that current-bleeding transistor has transconductance of N-1 times larger than transconductance of cascode transistor. Thereby, transconductance and current of CS transistor are increased N times, as N-1 times of current pass to current-bleeding transistor. Therefore current of CG and CS stages stay identical. Also, Balun-LNA employs a positive feedback to satisfy input impedance matching and CG transistor has higher transconductance. By increasing transconductance of CS and CG transistors, the proposed Balun-LNA achieves to high voltage gain. Accordingly, CG and CS tansistors have symmetrical currents and loads at the differential output of the proposed Balun-LNA. Symmetrical loads cause the balanced differential outputs. This proposed Balun-LNA is designed in 90-nm CMOS technology and covers the frequency range of 40 MHz to 1GHz. This Balun-LNA achieves the voltage gain of 22.6 dB, S11 of less than -10 dB and the Minimum NF of 5 dB. This Balun-LNA operates at the nominal supply voltage of 2.2v.

The concept of sustainable development was defined in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission) for which it «meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.» Sustainability is a concept and cannot be measured directly. Appropriate indicators must be selected to determine levels and duration of sustainability. The objective of this study is to evaluate selected criteria and indicators of agricultural sustainability (with emphasis on economics indicators) at the national level. A sustainable agriculture must sustain the economic viability of the farming operation. The 2007 Iran census indicated approximately 20 million or 31 percent of the population live on rural. This paper presents economics factors of agriculture sustainable development for the years 2003 and 2007. It has used four indicators of agriculture productions insurance, Non-farms income, Profit margin and production productivity (product in surface). The sustainability index suggests that Iran agriculture is only slightly sustainable. On the basis of the indicators analyzed above, the Iran agriculture (economics sustainability) tends towards slightly sustainable: insufficient agriculture productions insurance, low income farms, low stability of the indexes of per capita production and low investment rate of return.

Background and Aim: Digital subtraction Radiography (DSR) is a method of accurate assessing condylar head changes. several studies have been carried out in applying DSR in dentistry, however there is a few number of studies in efficacy of DSR method in assessment of condylar head changes, The aim of this study was to compare panoramic radiography and DSR detecting simulated lesions of the mandibular condyl.Materials and Methods: this was a process research study, in which two dry human skulls with no obvious temporomandibular joint pathology were used. Osteophytic lesions were simulated using three sizes of bone chips that were placed on the medial portion of anterior and superolateral aspects of the condyle. Osteolytic lesions were simulated making 1 and 2 mm holes using round burr in the central portion of anterior aspect and Lateral pole of the condyle. Panoramic radiographs were prepared with and without the lesions in place. These paired radiographs were digitized and Digital- subtraction images of the original panoramic images were obtained. Eight observers evaluated 155 images of each modality for the presence or absence and the type of simulated lesions of the mandibular condyle. Sensitivity, specificity, reliability and measure of agreement were analyzed using kappa test and crossed tables and qualitative variables were assess by chi-square and fisher’s Exact test.Results: Specificity of panoramic and DSR methods were 15.4% and 66.7% respectively. Sensitivity of panoramic and DSR methods were 61.1% and 80.6% for osteophytic lesions and 37.5% and 83.3% for Osteolytic lesions. The percentage of correct decisions made in DSR method was significantly more than conventional panoramic method (82.6%vs 41.9%) (p<0.0001).Conclusion: Based on the results of this study Digital subtraction technique was significantly more accurate than the panoramic radiographs in detection of simulated lesions of the mandibular condyle.

In many of developing countries, a great share of imports includes intermediate and investment goods as production factors. As such imports are financed by export income; inconstancy of export income causes imports of such product factors to reduce so that economic growth decreases. Price change and fluctuation lead to macroeconomics changes that are demonstrated in GDP inconstancy and lead to gap between potential and effective advantages arising from international specialization.In this study, inconstancy of export income in agricultural sector of Iran during 1959-2006 and its effect on the growth of this sector and export supply of agricultural products are investigated. Results show that maximum fluctuation in agriculture export took place in the first and second development plan when government started adjustment policies in the beginning of 1990s. If agricultural export inconstancy increases one percent the growth of agricultural sector will decrease 0.18 percent so it’s essential to recognize the factors of inconstancy and to use approaches to decrease it. Estimation of agricultural export supply model demonstrates that each unit increase 2 in agriculture products will cause 0.3 unit increase in the export of this sector. Moreover, each unit decrease in the value of national currency will cause 1.6 unit increases in the export of agricultural sector. Therefore it should be considered in adopting exchange policies. Long-term equilibrium relationship between agricultural export function reveals that export instability, have a positive effect on agricultural exports and can be said that because during almost every years, the amounts of sector export earnings instability, are positive, manufacturers and exporters consider it permanent.

In general, insurance is a form of risk management used to hedge against a contingent loss. agriculture insurance is a special line of property insurance applied to agricultural firms. As well as agriculture insurance is one of the most efficient ways of managing the risks inherent to farming. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals-environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. agriculture insurance is one of sustainable agriculture economics dimension. The aim of the study is to analyze agriculture insurance of Iran. The report starts with the description of sustainable development definition and Sustainable agriculture indexes. Than evaluate the performance of agriculture insurance deals during 2006-2007. Gardens and farms are highly vulnerable, because are low water resources and Iran is located on the desert region.The findings of this study show that implementation of agriculture insurance, risk of operating in this sector has reduced somewhat. Also a performed calculation shows that the farmers funds received has been able to produce only 10 percent of the product cost. Other results show that only 12 percent of the garden farm country s has been subject to insurance. So Iran agriculture is less stable in terms of agriculture insurance.